Stockholm Arlanda Airport (IATA: ARN, ICAO: ESSA), is an international airport located in the Sigtuna Municipality of Sweden, near the town of Märsta, 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) north^[1] of Stockholm and nearly 40 km (25 mi), by road, south-east of Uppsala.

The airport is located within Stockholm County and the province of Uppland. It is the largest airport in Sweden, and the third largest airport in the Nordic countries, and the second busiest in terms of international passengers. The airport is the major gateway for international air travel in large parts of Sweden. Arlanda Airport was used by 19 million passengers in 2012, with 14 million international passengers and 5 million domestic.^[2]

Stockholm Arlanda Airport is the largest of the four major airports located in or near Stockholm (Stockholm-Bromma within the city, Stockholm-Skavsta in Nyköping about 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the south and Stockholm-Västerås located in the city of Västerås about 100 kilometres to the west).

History

The airport was first used in 1959, but only for practice flights. In 1960, it opened for limited civil traffic, and in 1962 the official opening ceremony took place. It was used for intercontinental traffic already in 1960 since the runway at Bromma was too short. Scandinavian Airlines started using Douglas DC-8's on North American routes. The airport was also used very early by Pan American World Airways. The name Arlanda was decided after a competition prior to the airport opening. It is derived from Arland, an old name for the parish Ärlinghundra (now Husby-Ärlinghundra in Märsta) where the airport is situated. The '-a' was added in analogy with other Swedish place names ending with -landa, and also makes the name a play on the Swedish verb "landa", which means "to land". The 1960s and 70s saw increases in traffic with scheduled traffic and charter traffic. The Boeing 747 jumbojet was started to be used in the 1970s both on one stop scheduled flights to New York and on weekend nonstop charters to the Canary Islands. Domestic flights to Gothenburg, Malmö, Luleå and Kiruna were operated by SAS DC-9s from Arlanda since they were considered too noisy to be used at downtown Bromma. The rest of domestic traffic operated out of Bromma and all international traffic out of Arlanda.

In 1983 the domestic traffic operated by Linjeflyg moved from Bromma to Arlanda, using the terminal now known as Terminal 4. In 1990 two new domestic terminals called "Domestic 2 and 3" were built south of the first domestic terminal. In 1992 the terminal 2 was partly abandoned because of traffic decrease. It started to be used for international traffic the year after, and the main domestic and international terminals are renumbered into 4 and 5. In June 1996, the first Douglas DC-9-82 of Italian airline Air One Smart Carrier landed at 14:14 for the inaugural charter flight. The third runway was built 1998-2002. However, a recession in 2002 delayed ti opening until 2003. At that time protests were raised by people living under its flight path in the municipality of Upplands Väsby. Traffic has recovered since and is now showing healthy increases but the third runway is only used during peak hours for environmental reasons. In September 2010 the first Airbus A380 superjumbo landed at the airport.^[3]

Facilities

Scandinavian Airlines has its head office on the airport property.^[4] The airline, previously headquartered at a facility in Solna, was scheduled to move into Arlanda in the northern hemisphere autumn of 2010.^[5] Swedavia, the Swedish airport management company, also has its head office on the airport property.^[6] The company Sollentuna Cabin Interiors has its head office in Hangar 4 at Arlanda.^[7] The airline Skyways previously had its head office on the airport property.^[8]

Oxford Aviation Academy has a flight simulator center for some of the most common airliners of today (like Boeing 737) at Arlanda. Arlanda has hangars and aircraft maintenance facilities operated by SAS Scandinavian Airlines and Priority Aero Maintenance.^[9] TUIfly Nordic based at the airport also has a large hangar for widebody jets. There is also a helicopter repair facility operated by Patria Helicopters.^[10] At the entrance to the airport the Jumbo Hostel, a Boeing 747 rebuilt to a hostel), is located. There are three hotels at the airport, Radisson Blu Arlandia Hotel, Radisson Blu Sky City Hotel and Ibis Arlanda Hotel. A new hotel named Clarion Hotel Arlanda^[11] is under construction close to the terminals.

Terminals

The airport has four terminals. Terminals 2 and 5 are used for international flights. Domestic flights are in Terminals 3 and 4. The new central building, Arlanda North, opened late 2003, connecting terminal 5 with the newly built Pier F. All international flights handled by SAS and its Star Alliance partners use the new central building. An Arlanda South building, connecting terminals 2, 3 and 4, was also planned, but construction is currently suspended due to lack of funds.

Terminal 2 International (Arlanda South)

• Terminal 2 was initially built for use by SAS as a domestic terminal. The terminal was designed to enable short turnaround times for aircraft and increased efficiency. The design also gave short walking distances from the entrances to the building and to the aircraft. Some ramp equipment previously on vehicles was built into the tarmac. Passenger loading bridges connecting the aft passenger stairs on the MD-80 passenger plane were constructed. Innovations and tailor-made design for the intended domestic services made the terminal costly. However SAS decided to leave the terminal because of decreases in passenger traffic on domestic routes. For a while the terminal was used by other airlines like Transwede Airways for both domestic and international services but now the terminal is only used for international flights. Terminal 2 has 8 aircraft parking stands with passenger bridges.
• As of 29 May 2012, Norwegian relocated its international flights from Terminal 2 to Terminal 5 ousting Air France and Czech Airlines to Terminal 2.
• In April 2013, British Airways and Finnair relocated to the newly renovated Terminal 2.^[12]

Terminal 3 Regional (Arlanda South)

• Terminal 3 was built in 1990 for regional aircraft. People walk outdoors from the gates and board the planes with airstairs.

Terminal 4 Domestic (Arlanda South)

• Terminal 4, formerly Inrikes 1 was originally designed for the Swedish domestic carrier Linjeflyg, and initiated in 1983. Linjeflyg and Scandinavian Airlines moved all operations from Stockholm-Bromma Airport to the new terminal at Arlanda in 1984. This was made to assemble the domestic and international departures between Scandinavian Airlines and Linjeflyg. Because of increasing popularity, the terminal soon got too small. For that reason Inrikes 2 was set up for SAS, who moved all domestic flights from Inrikes 1 to the new terminal in 1990.
• Because of a recession in Swedish economy SAS moved back in 1992, and again the two carriers shared the terminal. Also in 1992 the terminal got a new name, Terminal 4. Since 1999 the terminal has had its own express station for high-speed trains, connecting the terminal with Stockholm Central Station and Terminal 5. In 2006, the terminal underwent a major renovation, the first since it was built in 1983.

Terminal 5 International (Arlanda North)

• Terminal 5 is the largest of the passenger terminals at the airport and in use for international flights. All intercontinental flights and other international flights, except those in terminal 2, operate from terminal 5. The terminal has three piers equipped with 31 aircraft parking stands with passenger bridges. There are also a number of remote aircraft parking positions serving this terminal. Terminal 5 has restaurants, bars and shopping areas. The first stage of the terminal was inaugurated in 1976. Terminal 5 has since been expanded with a new passenger pier F. In addition to the scheduled services listed, all charter flights are handled at Terminal 5. The terminal is like terminal 4 and Sky City connected with Stockholm Central station with high speed trains.

Airlines and destinations

Stockholm Arlanda serves as a major hub for Nextjet, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Scandinavian Airlines. Intercontinental destinations are offered by Scandinavian Airlines to Chicago and Newark, Air China to Beijing, United Airlines to Newark, Delta Air Lines to New York-JFK, Emirates to Dubai, Ethiopian Airlines to Addis Ababa via Cairo, Iran Air to Tehran, Qatar Airways to Doha, Thai Airways International to Bangkok and Norwegian Air Shuttle to Bangkok, Dubai, Fort Lauderdale and New York. In addition, various charter airlines such as TUIfly Nordic, Novair, Primera Air and Thomas Cook Airlines Scandinavia offer nonstop charter services to various destinations, including outside Europe.

Cargo facilities and operations

Stockholm Arlanda has an extensive cargo flight activity. There is a cargo area with cargo terminals and cargo transit facilities in the southern part of the airport area. This cargo area is labeled "Cargo City" with warehouses operated by Cargo Center,^[18] DHL, Swedish postal service (Posten) and Spirit Air Cargo.^[19] A large part of mail and express parcels from Sweden is handled through the facilities at the airport.^[20] SAS Cargo has its cargo operation east of the passenger terminals close to the SAS hangars.^[21] Dedicated scheduled cargo flights are operated by Cathay Pacific and Korean Air with Boeing 747 cargo aircraft. DHL, FedEx and UPS operate express freight services at the airport. West Air Sweden and Amapola operate shorter cargo sectors. A number of airlines operate ad hoc cargo flights with various equipment. Outsize cargo is frequently hauled with the Antonov 124 and similar cargo planes. TNT had their operations at Arlanda but have since moved to Västerås Airport.

Cargo airlines

Statistics

In 2011, Stockholm Arlanda Airport handled 19,072,719 passengers.^[23]

VIP flights

Arlanda is also used by VIP-flights^[24] using business jets. Government officials and celebrities are frequent visitors. In April 2011 Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin visited Stockholm with a couple of large jet airplanes.^[25] The emperor of Japan has also made some visits with his Boeing 747s.^[26] EU-meetings and exhibitions in the Stockholm area also bring special flights to the airport. Various private companies use their business jets to attend meetings in the Stockholm area. Some VIP-flights also go to downtown Bromma but since Bromma has limited operational hours many go to Arlanda. European Flight Service has a Grumman Gulfstream G550 based at Arlanda for VIP flights.

Airport layout

Arlanda has three runways: Runway 1 (01L/19R), Runway 2 (08/26), Runway 3 (01R/19L). Runway 3 is 3,301 m (10,830 ft) long and can handle take-offs and landings of the heaviest aircraft in use today. Runways 2 and 1 are 2,500 m (8,202 ft) long. As indicated, runways 1 and 3 are parallel runways that can be operated independently of one another. Runway 3 is equipped with CAT III for instrument landings. The airport can handle simultaneous take offs and landings using runways 1 and 3 at the same time. Parallel takeoffs and landings can be performed in Instrument meteorological conditions, (IMC). Runway 3 (01R/19L) is reached from the main terminal area via taxiway bridges constructed to be able to handle the heaviest and largest airplanes in traffic. Since runway 3 (01R/19L) is located at a distance from the terminals a deicing area is placed close to the runway to avoid too long time between deicing and take off in winter conditions. Another deicing area is located in connection with the southern ramp area close to take off positions at runway 01L. There are high speed taxiway exits from all runways, except runway 08, to enable aircraft to exit the runways quickly after landing. This increases runway capacity during rush hours. Use of parallel taxiways around the terminal area separates arriving and departing traffic.

Arlanda has 5 terminals for air cargo and 5 aircraft hangars. The number of aircraft parking places is approximately 100. Arlanda has been listed as one of the many emergency landing sites for NASA's Space Shuttle^[27] (most likely on account of its relatively long main runway). Arlanda can handle all aircraft types in service including the Airbus A380.

Winter time operations and snow clearing

Since its opening Stockholm Arlanda has always managed to continue its operations during heavy snowfall and difficult weather.^[28] The airport administration claims to be world-leading at clearing snow from the runways. Arlanda has a policy to never close due to snowfall.^[29] Heavy snowfall can however cause delays. During heavy snowfall at least one runway stays open but in bad weather condition there may be delays even if flight operations continue at all times. Not just runways need to be cleared, aprons and aircraft parking areas need snow clearing as well. The airport has a total of 250 000 m2 to clear from snow and ice, at the same time as the aircraft continue taking off and landing.^[30] During the colder half of the year Stockholm Arlanda has about 65 seasonally hired snow removal staff. Together with permanent staff, they form a team of 100 people who provide snow removal services. Special routes are planned for sweeping teams, which clear each route at intervals of 35 to 45 minutes. The sweeping teams are directed via radio from the air traffic control tower. When snow removal is completed on each runway the surface is tested by a friction vehicle which measures friction value. The airport announces the friction value, and then it is each pilot who decides whether this value is sufficient for a landing. The friction value determines how often a runway must be ploughed and treated with anti-skid agent.^[29]

Passenger facilities and services

In the terminal areas and the shopping area "Sky City" there are restaurants, shopping facilities, bars etc. to cater to the needs for passengers and visitors to the airport. There are hotels both at the airport in connection with the terminals and in its surroundings. The hotel capacity at the airport is being increased by the new Clarion Hotel Arlanda with 400 rooms set to open in November 2012. There are also conference facilities at the airport.

• 35 stores
• 33 restaurants
• 3 hotels
• 2 banks
• 1 pharmacy
• 1 chapel
• Conference facilities
  • 49 conference rooms
  • 6,300 m² conference space
  • Exhibition hall for up to 1,000 delegates
• In 2009, the Jumbohostel opened. A decommissioned Boeing 747 has been converted to a hostel, offering 72 beds. It is located at the entrance to the airport.^[31]

Lounges

• Menzies Aviation Executive Lounge, Terminal 5
• Menzies Aviation Business Lounge, Terminal 5
• SAS Business Lounge, Terminal 5 (Star Alliance/SAS Group Business/First Class passengers)
• SAS Scandinavian Lounge, Terminal 5 (Star Alliance/SAS Group Gold Card Holders)
• SAS Stockholm Lounge, Terminal 4 (Star Alliance/SAS Group Gold Card Holders)

Aircraft hangars and maintenance facilities

SAS Technical Services, TUIfly Nordic and Priority Aero Maintenance.^[9] have large aircraft hangars and maintenance facilities at the airport. SAS Technical Services is headquartered at Arlanda and has hangar facilities suitable for widebody aircraft up to the size of Boeing 747-400s. The first part of this hangar complex was built to handle SAS' fleet of DC-8s. There are a number of positions on each side of the building initially built to handle this type. The hangar space are nowadays mostly used for Boeing 737s and MD-80s. The Boeing 747 hangar was inaugurated at the time when Scandinavian Airlines received their first Boeing 747s in the beginning of the 70s. It is large enough to handle a Boeing 747 and two MD-80 size airplanes at the same time. The offices of SAS Technical Services are situated in connection with the hangars. In the early days of the airport these hangars provided heavy maintenance for members of the KSSU group^[32] which included KLM, SAS, Swissair and UTA. A number of other airlines, such as Thai Airways International, also maintained their aircraft in those hangars. Now the main user is Scandinavian Airlines. TUIfly Nordic has a hangar able to handle their largest aircraft which is the Boeing 767-300ER. Priority Aero Maintenance has its facilities in the eastern part of the airport. They provide heavy aircraft maintenance for a number of aircraft including MD-80 which is a common type to be overhauled by the company.

There is also a hangar in the southern part of the airport that was built by the former Swedish domestic airline Linjeflyg. This hangar is mainly used by regional aircraft.

Helicopter hangars and maintenance facilities are found at the very eastern part of the airport operated by Patria Helicopters.^[10]

Ground transportation

Stockholm

Rail

The fastest way to the airport from Stockholm Central Station is the Arlanda Express high-speed train service, making the trip in just 20 minutes.^[33]

Beginning on December 9, 2012, it is now also possible to use the Greater Stockholm Local Transit (SL) commuter rail service (Pendeltåg) between Uppsala C and Stockholm C. This route is expected to take 38 minutes in between the Arlanda C station to Stockholm C, and 18 minutes to Uppsala C.^[34]

Bus

Flygbussarna, Swebus and SL operate coaches to and from the airport which stop at several locations in northern Stockholm County as well as Stockholm City Centre and Stockholm Central Station. There is also a local bus line no 583 to Märsta, from where there are local trains to Stockholm and surroundings, the cheapest way of getting to/from Stockholm.

Taxi

All taxi companies are required to offer fixed prices when going from the airport, which takes away the guess-work of how much the fare will cost (one can still request use of the taxi meter). Most major companies also offer fixed prices to the airport.

Uppsala and further north

Beginning on December 9, 2012, it is now possible to use the Greater Stockholm Local Transit (SL) commuter rail service (Pendeltåg) between Uppsala and Stockholm. This route is expected to take 18 minutes from Arlanda Central to its Uppsala C terminus.^[34]

Buses operated by Upplands Lokaltrafik travel between Stockholm Arlanda Airport and Uppsala (bus no. 801 and 802) as well as Enköping to the west (bus no. 803).

Long-distance trains called Intercity, Regionaltåg (Regional train) or X2000 operated by SJ go to locations north of Stockholm Arlanda Airport and south of Stockholm. Passengers are not permitted to use long-distance trains to go to the Stockholm Central Station; no such tickets are sold.

Airport parking

Terminal parking, short-term and long-term parking is available at the airport. The low price long-term parking requires a free shuttle bus ride. The bus departes every 815 minutes.

Environment

There is an ongoing work to limit Arlanda's negative impact on the environment. In an effort to save electricity, buildings at Arlanda use district heating with biofuels and district cooling with water from a nearby lake. The take off charges for aircraft are partly based on the environmental performance of the aircraft and Arlanda is experimenting with Continuous Descent Approaches and landings, often referred to as "green landings".^[35] Jet fuel is since around 2006 delivered by boat to Gävle and via train to Brista close to Märsta and from there through pipeline. Previously fuel was delivered by ship to Värtahamnen in Stockholm and then by trucks through Stockholm city to Arlanda. The airport also takes measures to promote the use of bio fuel in taxis operating to and from the airport.^[36]

One of the most interesting eco-friendly systems Stockholm Arlanda Airport uses is their unique heating and cooling system for their hangar, terminals, and other buildings on the airfield. There innovative system uses a series of wells which are linked to a large underground aquifer. The water from this underground source is plumbed up and into the facilities air system which controls the temperature of the air coming from the vents. In the summertime, the underground water remains cooler than the surface. This allows the terminals to be cooled off without using extra energy that an air conditioner would require. Then, in the winter months, the underground water remains warmer than the surface. The water is then plumbed to a control/heating unit which uses bio-fuel to heat the water to a temperature appropriate for warming up the buildings. This heated water is also used to heat pads of cement on the ramp and near the large hangar doors. This is a very efficient way to keep the doors and ramps clear of ice. After the water is run through the system, it is then all replaced back into the aquifer to be used again. The unique aquifer system is one of Arlanda's most defining environmentally friendly designs.^[37]

Accidents and incidents

• 1 November 1969: A Linjeflyg Convair 440 registered as SE-BSU suffered an accident while being used for training purposes. After a simulated engine failure at takeoff the left wing contacted the ground and the aircraft crash-landed after the nose and main landing gear collapsed. None of the four persons on board were killed, but the aircraft was written off.^[38]
• 5 January 1970: A Spantax Convair 990 registered as EC-BNM on a ferry flight from Stockholm Arlanda Airport to Zürich Airport (ZRH) crashed while climbing after take-off. The aircraft had been scheduled for a charter flight earlier in the day, but the flight was cancelled after the no. 4 engine developed trouble. The decision was made to ferry the aircraft using three engines to Zurich for repairs and the aircraft departed at 10:54 p.m. from runway 19 (currently runway 19R). The aircraft contacted trees approximately 1,800 m (5,906 ft) from the point of lift-off. Five of the 10 passengers and crew on board were killed and the aircraft was written off.^[39]
• 14 July 1973: A Sterling Airways Sud Aviation Caravelle registered as OY-SAN taxied into an obstruction and was written off as being damaged beyond repair.^[40]
• 25 January 1974: Scandinavian Airlines Sud Aviation Caravelle registered as OY-KRA was damaged beyond repair and written off.^[41]
• 26 May 1977: An Antonov 24 belonging to Aeroflot registered as SSSR-46806 on a scheduled flight from Donetsk Airport (DOK) to Riga Airport (RIX) was hijacked by a single hijacker who demanded to be taken to Sweden where the hijacker surrendered releasing the 23 passengers and crew.^[42]
• 14 November 1978: An Aeroflot Tupolev 154 registered as SSSR-85286 on a scheduled flight from Stockholm-Arlanda Airport to Moskva-Sheremetyevo Airport (SVO) aborted its take-off after having reached rotation speed. The aircraft overran the runway and while none of the 74 passengers or crew was injured the aircraft suffered substantial damage.^[43]
• 27 February 1979: An Aeroflot Tupolev 154 on a flight from Oslo to Stockholm with a continuation to Moscow was taken over by three hijackers. After landing in Stockholm they were overpowered by the aircraft's crew.^[44]
• 16 August 1980 While landing during a thunderstorm, a JAT B 707 YU-AGG received strong tailwind and overran runway 26, blowing several tyres and receiving mud in all four engines. There were no fatalities in the incident.
• 6 January 1987: A Transwede Sud Aviation Caravelle registered as SE-DEC on a non-scheduled flight from Stockholm-Arlanda Airport to Alicante Airport (ALC) encountered problems after take-off most likely caused by ice. The aircraft hit the runway hard causing the landing gear to fail and the aircraft slid off the runway and caught fire. None of the 27 passengers and crew was killed but the aircraft was written off and subsequently used by the airport's ARFF as a fire and rescue training aircraft.^[45]
• 27 December 1991: Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751, a McDonnell Douglas MD-81, registered as OY-KHO, a scheduled flight from Stockholm-Arlanda Airport to Warsaw-Frederic Chopin Airport (WAW) with a stopover in Copenhagen-Kastrup Airport (CPH) crashed shortly after take-off due to a dual engine failure when clear ice, which had formed during the night, was not properly removed during de-icing, broke off and was ingested into the engines. None of the 129 passengers and crew was killed but the aircraft was written off.^[46]
• 20 February 1993: A hijacker on board an Aeroflot Tupolev 134 on a scheduled flight between Tyumen Airport (TJM) and Saint Petersburg-Pulkovo Airport (LED) demanded to be taken to the USA. The aircraft first made a refueling stop in Tallinn where 30 passengers were released, after which the aircraft was flown to Stockholm where the hijacker demanded a larger aircraft to be flown to the U.S. After having released 12 more passengers, the hijacker, who was accompanied by his wife and child, surrendered, releasing the remaining 40 passengers and crew.^[47]
• 7 October 1997: A BAC One-Eleven belonging to Tarom registered as YR-BCM on a scheduled flight from Bucharest-Otopeni International Airport (OTP) to Stockholm-Arlanda Airport suffered a failure of the nosewheel steering after touching down heavily on runway 26. As the airplane slowed down the commander discovered that he could not control the aircraft which departed the runway and continued into the grassy area to on the right side. The aircraft slowed down softly and when it came to a stop the passengers and crew were able to disembark using the normal exits. The aircraft was written off and taken to Halmstad by Le Caravelle Club to be used as a fire trainer.^[48]
• 8 October 1999: A Saab 2000 belonging to SAS Commuter registered as SE-SLF called "Eir Viking" ran into a closed hangar door. At the time it was supposedly being taxied by two engineers or technicians. The two persons on board received some injuries and the aircraft was written off.^[49]
• 16 January 2010: An Iran Air Airbus A300, flight IR762, left the runway during the takeoff roll at low speed. None of the 149 passengers on board were injured, although runway 01L/19R was closed after the incident.^[50]
• 25 September 2010: A Pakistan International Airlines Boeing 777, flight PK782, flying from Toronto Pearson International Airport to Jinnah International Airport was diverted to Sweden and landed at Stockholm-Arlanda Airport due to a bomb threat.^[51]

See also

• Stockholm-Västerås Airport
• Civil Aviation Administration (Sweden)
• List of airports in Sweden

References

External links

• Official website
• Current weather for ESSA at NOAA/NWS
• Accident history for ARN at Aviation Safety Network