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Yak-40
| Yak-40 | |
|---|---|
| Volga-Dnepr Yak-40 | |
| Role | Regional jet/ VIP transport |
| National origin | Soviet Union |
| Manufacturer | Yakovlev |
| First flight | October 21, 1966 |
| Introduction | September 1968 (Aeroflot) |
| Status | Active service |
| Primary user | Aeroflot |
| Produced | 19671981 |
| Number built | 1011 |
The Yakovlev Yak-40 (NATO reporting name: Codling) is a small, three-engined airliner, the world's first regional jet transport aircraft. It was introduced in September 1968 with Aeroflot.
Contents |
Development
By the early 1960s, the Soviet state airline Aeroflot's international and internal trunk routes were flown by jet or turboprop powered airliners but their local services, many of which operated from grass airfields, were operated by obsolete piston engined aircraft such as the Ilyushin Il-12, Il-14 and Lisunov Li-2.[1] Aeroflot wanted to replace these elderly airliners with a turbine-powered aircraft, with the Yakovlev design bureau being assigned to design the new airliner. High speed was not required, but it would have to operate safely and reliably out of poorly equipped airports with short (less than 700 m, (2,300 ft)) unpaved runways in poor weather.[2]
Yakovlev studied both turboprop and jet-powered designs to meet the requirement, including Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) designs with lift jets in the fuselage or in wing-mounted pods, but eventually they settled on a straight-winged tri-jet carrying 20 to 25 passengers. Engines were to be the new AI-25 turbofan being developed by Ivchenko at Zaporozhye in Ukraine.[3]
Design
The Yak-40 is a low-winged cantilever monoplane with unswept wings, a large T-tail and a retractable tricycle landing gear. The passenger cabin is ahead of the wing, with the short rear fuselage carrying the three turbofan engines, with two engines mounted on short pylons on the side of the fuselage and a third engine buried in the rear fuselage, with air fed from a dorsal air-intake ahead of the fin by a "S-duct", as was an auxiliary power unit which was fitted to allow engine start-up without ground support on primitive airfields.[4][5] The three AI-25 engines were two-shaft engines rated at 14.7 kN (3,300 lbf). The engines had no jetpipes, and initially no thrust reversers.[6][7]
The pressurized fuselage has a diameter of 2.4 metres (94 in). Pilot and co-pilot sit side-by-side in the aircraft's flight deck, while the passenger cabin has a standard layout seating 2427 passengers three-abreast, although 32 passengers can be carried by switching to four-abreast seating. Passengers entered and left the aircraft via a set of ventral airstairs in the rear fuselage.[7][8]
The wing is fitted with large trailing-edge slotted flaps, but had no other high-lift devices, relying on the aircraft's low wing loading to give the required short-field take-off and landing performance. The port and starbord wings join at the aircraft centreline, with the main spar running from wingtip to wingtip, with the wings housing integral fuel tanks with a capacity of 3,800 litres (1,000 US gal; 840 imp gal). The aircraft has a large fin, which is swept back at an angle of 50 degrees to move the tailplane rearwards to compensate for the short rear fuselage. The horizontal tailplane itself is unswept.[5][9]
Operational history
The first of five prototypes made its maiden flight on 21 October 1966,[7] with production being launched at the Saratov Aviation Plant in 1967 and Soviet type certification granted in 1968.[5] The type carried out its first passenger service for Aeroflot on 30 September 1968.[9] In the 1972 version, a tailspin was removed. In 1974, new version was introduced, with non-stop flight distance increased. Also, the forward door on the right side of the fuselage change its place it was located together with the sixth window.
In 1975, the last upgrading of Yak-40 took place the number of cabin windows on the right side changed from nine to eight.
By the time production ended in November 1981, the factory at Saratov had produced 1,011 aircraft. By 1993 Yak-40s operated by Aeroflot had carried 354 million passengers.[10] As well as being the backbone of Aeroflot's local operations, flying to 276 domestic destinations in 1980, the Yak-40 was also an export success. More than this, Yak-40 became the first Russian/Soviet aircraft getting flying certificates of Italy and West Germany. It was demonstrated in 75 countries of the world, including the USA, where orders on Yak-40 were made.
A total of 130 were exported to Afghanistan, Angola, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Germany, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Laos, Madagascar, Philippines, Poland, Syria, Vietnam, Yugoslavia and Zambia.[5][10]
Variants
- Yak-40 The first production model.
- Yak-40-25 Military conversion with the nose of a MiG-25R and SRS-4A Elint installation.
- Yak-40 Akva (Aqua) Military conversion with nose probe, pylon-mounted sensors, a fuselage dispenser and underwing active jammer pods.
- Yak-40D (Dal'niy long-distance) with non-stop flight distance enlarged.
- Yak-40EC Export version.
- Yak-40 Fobos (Phobos) Military conversion with two dorsal viewing domes and a removable window on each side.
- Yak-40K cargo / convertible / combi version with a large freight door. Produced in 197581.
- Yak-40 Kalibrovshchik Military Elint conversion with a "farm" of blade, dipole and planar antennas.
- Yak-40L Proposed version with two Lycoming LF507-1N turbofans, a joint program between Skorost and Textron (now Allied-Signal) Lycoming. The original design would have had a slightly swept wing.
- Yak-40 Liros Military conversion with nose probe carrying air-data sensors.
- Yak-40M Proposed 40-seat stretched passenger version.
- Yak-40 M-602 Flying testbed with a Czechoslovak M 602 turboprop installed in the nose.
- Yak-40 Meteo Military conversion with multipole dipole antennas and fuselage dispenser.
- Yak-40P Yak-40L with large nacelles projecting ahead of the wings.
- Yak-40REO Military conversion with large ventral canoe for IR linescan. Lateral observation blister on right side.
- Yak-40 Shtorm Military conversion with multiple probes and sensors on the forward sidewalls.
- Yak-40TL Proposed upgraded version, to be powered by three Lycoming LF 507 turbofan engines.
- Yak-40V Export version powered by three AI-25T turbofan engines.
Operators
Civilian Operators
| This section does not cite any references or sources. (November 2012) |
As of November 2012 a total of 65 to 77 out of 1011 Yakovlev Yak-40 aircraft remain in service. The airworthiness of several Yak-40 of smaller Russian and Central Asian charter airlines is uncertain, as is the whereabouts of one Air Libya Tibesti aircraft after the civil war. Most aircraft in service today have been reconfigured for VIP-charter services, with between four and seven remaining in scheduled passenger service. Of these three or four are expected to be phased out in 2013. Known operators are:
- Ariana Afghan Airlines former operator
- Bakhtar Afghan Airlines former operator
- Azerbaijan Airlines former operator
- Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano former operator
- Balkan Bulgarian Airlines former operator
- Hemus Air former operator
- Aerocaribbean former operator
- Cubana former operator
- Government of the Czech Republic
- CSA Czech Airlines former operator
- Government of Czechoslovakia
- Slov-Air former operator
- EgyptAir former operator
- General Air former operator
- Olympic Airways former operator
- Rollins Air former operator
- Malév former operator
- Air Kokshetau former operator
- Euro-Asia Air 2 for charter only; in February 2012 service life was extended for one more year
- Semeyavia 2 for charter only, being phased out
- Tulpar Air Service former operator
- Kyrgyzstan Airlines former operator
- Air Libya Tibesti 3 or fewer, currently not in service, unclear situation
- Air Lithuania former operator
- Air Moldova former operator
- Interisland Airlines 1 in lounge configuration, for charter only
- Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Air Enterprise 4 with 2 for cargo, 1 in scheduled passenger service, 1 under repair since 2011
- 2nd Sverdlovsk Air Enterprise former operator
- Belgorod Air Enterprise former operator
- Bugulma Air Enterprise 10 lounge configuration, for charter only, partly in the process of being phased out
- Gazpromavia 4 with 2 lounge configuration for charter and 2 in scheduled passenger service
- Rossiya 7 for governmental use only
- RusAir former operator
- LUKoil-Avia 1 for ad-hoc executive transport only
- Severstal Air Company 3 lounge configuration, for charter only
- Tomskavia former operator
- UTair Aviation former operator
- Vladivostok Avia 3 in scheduled service, being phased out in 2013
- Volga-Dnepr former operator
- Vologda Aviation Enterprise 4 lounge configuration, for charter only, scheduled service ended July 1, 2012
- Yak Service former operator
- Yakutia Airlines former operator
- Yamal Airlines former operator
- Government of Slovakia
- Aeroflot former operator
- Syrian Arab Airlines former operator, as Syrian Air
- Tajik Air 1 for charter only
- Tajikistan Airlines former operator
- Turkmenistan Airlines former operator
- Motor Sich Airlines former operator
- Aerostar Airlines former operator
- Constanta Airline 7 in lounge configuration, for charter only
- Challenge Aero 6 in lounge configuration, charter only
- Oriental de Aviación
- Vietnam Airlines former operator
Military Operators
| This section does not cite any references or sources. (November 2012) |
As of November 2012 no more than 17 Yak-40 remain in military service (possibly fewer, with the unclear situation in Syria). Known operators are:
- Angola
- Angolan Air Force former operator
- Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Air Force former operator
- Cuba
- Cuban Air Force 3 in service
- Czechoslovakia
- Czechoslovakian Air Force former operator
- Czech Republic
- Czech Air Force 2 in service
- East Germany
- East German Air Force former operator
- Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Air Force 1 in service
- Equatorial Guinea
- Military of Equatorial Guinea presidential aircraft
- Guinea-Bissau
- Military of Guinea-Bissau former operator
- Hungary
- Hungarian Air Force former operator
- Kazakhstan
- Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan 1[11] in service for VIP flights
- Laos
- Lao People's Liberation Army Air Force former operator
- Lithuania
- Lithuanian Air Force former operator
- Madagascar
- Military of Madagascar 2 in service
- Poland
- Polish Air Force former operator
- Russia
- Russian Air Force 1 in service
- Serbia
- Serbian Air Force former operator
- Syria
- Syrian Air Force up to 6 in service, airworthiness unclear
- Soviet Union
- Soviet Air Force former operator
- Vietnam
- Vietnam People's Air Force former operator
- Yemen
- Yemen Air Force 2 in service
- Yugoslavia
- Yugoslav Air Force former operator
- Zambia
- Zambian Air Force former operator
- Zimbabwe
- Air Force of Zimbabwe former operator
Notable accidents and incidents
- On May 4, 1972, an Aeroflot/East Siberia Yak-40 with 18 passengers and crew on approach to Bratsk Airport, Russian SFSR crashed due to wind shear. All aboard perished.[12]
- On February 28, 1973, an Aeroflot/Kazakhstan flight from Semipalatinsk Airport, Kazakh SSR to Ust-Kamenogorsk Airport, Kazakh SSR fell back onto the runway after take-off. All 28 passengers and 4 crew died.[13]
- On July 15, 1975, an Aeroflot/Armenia passenger flight from Zvartnots International Airport, Armenian SSR to Batumi-Chorokh Airport, Georgian SSR on go-around crashed into Mount Mtirala in the Caucasus Mountains killing all 41 on board.[14]
- On August 15, 1975, an Aeroflot/Azerbaijan aircraft from Baku Airport, Azerbaijan SSR to Krasnovodsk Airport (now the airport of Türkmenbay), Turkmenistan) stalled and subsequently crashed during approach due to pilot error and unfavourable weather conditions, killing 23 of the 28 on board.[15]
- On September 9, 1976, an Aeroflot/North Kavkaz flight from Rostov Airport, Russian SFSR to Kerch Airport, Ukrainian SSR collided with an Antonov An-24 over the Black Sea 37 km (23 mi) off Anapa due to violation of separation rules, the error of both aircraft crews and probably ground ATC. All 18 occupants of the Yak-40 and 46 people on board the An-24 died.[16]
- On October 7, 1978, an Aeroflot/Kazakhstan flight with 38 people on board departed Sverdlovsk-Koltsovo Airport, Russian SFSR for Kostanay-Narimanovka Airport, Kazakh SSR but the left engine failed about 30 seconds after take off, due to icing. The aircraft lost height and collided with a hill killing all occupants.[17]
- On June 8, 1980, a TAAG Angola Airlines Yak transporting civilians was shot down by a MiG-19 (origin unclear) near Matala, Angola killing all 19 occupants.[18]
- On June 12, 1980, an Aeroflot/Tajikistan on a passenger flight from Leninabad, Tajik SSR (Khujand, Tajikistan since 1991) to Dushanbe Airport, Tajik SSR with 29 on board crashed into a mountain 44 km (27 mi) north-west of the airport due to navigational errors by the crew, killing all occupants.[19]
- On September 18, 1981, an Aeroflot/East Siberia flight from Irkutsk Airport, Russian SFSR to Zheleznogorsk-Ilimskiy Airport, Russian SFSR collided with a Mi-8 helicopter on a training flight while approaching its destination airport. The supposed site of the collision occurred in the clouds. All 33 on board the Yak-40 and seven occupants of the Mi-8 were killed, making it the deadliest Yak-40 incident at the time.[20]
- On January 16, 1987, an Aeroflot aircraft operating Flight 505 crashed after takeoff in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR after encountering another aircraft's wake vortex.[21]
- On January 24, 1988, an Aeroflot/Privolzhsk aircraft experienced failure of number 1 and 3 engines during take-off from Nizhnevartovsk Airport, Russian SFSR. Engine No. 2 also experienced some problems, but recovered while engines Nos. 1 and 3 eventually failed. The plane stalled, crashed and broke up, killing 27 of 31 on board. Cause was possible crew error.[22]
- On August 2, 1988, at Sofia Airport, the Balkan Yak-40 LZ-DOK crashed on take-off. All civil traffic had been halted minutes before because of the departure of the Bulgarian leader Todor Zhivkov's Tupolev Tu-154. After the delay, air traffic control cleared LZ-DOK for take-off to Varna, asking the crew to expedite their departure. Trying to leave in a hurry, the crew did not set the trim correctly and began their take-off run from the middle of the 3000 m runaway. The aircraft failed to become airborne, overran the runway into a ravine and caught fire, with 28 of 37 occupants being killed.[citation needed]
- On August 1, 1990, an Aeroflot/Armenia Yak-40 traveling from Zvartnots International Airport, Armenian SSR to Stepanakert Airport, Azerbaijan carrying 47 passengers, crashed when the aircraft hit a mountain 22 km (14 mi) away from its destination killing all on board. The cause was most likely pilot error (premature descent).[23]
- On November 14, 1992, Vietnam Airlines flight 474 with 31 passengers and crew flying from Ho Chi Minh City-Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Vietnam to the previously civilian Nha Trang Airport, Vietnam impacted obstacles on approach killing all but one passenger. Adverse weather conditions might have been involved (unclear at investigation).[24]
- On August 28, 1993 a Tajikistan Airlines non-scheduled flight that was grossly overloaded with 86 passengers overran the runway at Khorog Airport, Tajikistan and fell into the Panj River. Three passengers survived. The crew was forced at gunpoint to overload the aircraft. This was the worst accident involving a Yak-40.[25]
- On February 25, 1994, an Expresso Aéreo plane (OB-1559), piloted by two Russians and one Peruvian[26], struck Mount Carpish six minutes after leaving Tingo María, Peru for Lima. The 31 occupants were killed.[27]
- On September 26, 1994, a Cheremshanka Airlines flight from Krasnoyarsk Airport, Russia to Tura was unable to land at Tura because of bad weather so was divereted to Vanavara. It ran out of fuel due to crew and ATC errors and crashed while attempting an emergency landing on a river, 41 km (25 mi) from Vanavara. All 28 passengers and crew were killed.[28]
- On 19 February 1997, a Semeyavia Yakovlev Yak-40 overshot the runway on landing at Semey Airport, Kazakhstan following a scheduled domestic passenger flight. There were no fatalities among the 14 passengers and four crew members on board, but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.[29]
- On May 17, 2001, a Faraz Qeshm Airlines flight departed Tehran, Iran heading for Gorgan Airport, Iran carrying 30 people, including the Iranian Transport Minister Rahman Dadman, two deputy ministers and seven more members of parliament was forced to divert due to bad weather conditions and was later discovered crashed into the Elburz mountains, Iran. All on board perished.[30]
- On January 13, 2004, Uzbekistan Airways flight 1154 from Termez Airport, Uzbekistan to Tashkent International Airport, Uzbekistan, carrying 37 passengers and crew, crashed; the crew failed to descend for approach on time. Finding the runway too short to land, a go-around was attempted but failed. The plane touched down beyond the end of the runway and the left wing struck a concrete building, with the subsequent crash and fire killing all on board.[31]
Specifications (Yak-40)
Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 197677[7]
General characteristics
- Crew: 3 two pilots ,flight engineer
- Capacity: 32 passengers
- Length: 20.36 m (66 ft 9½ in)
- Wingspan: 25.00 m (82 ft 0¼ in)
- Height: 6.50 m (21 ft 4 in)
- Wing area: 70.00 m² (753.5 ft²)
- Empty weight: 9,400 kg (20,725 lb)
- Max. takeoff weight: 15,500 kg (34,170 lb)
- Powerplant: 3 × Ivchenko AI-25 turbofans, 14.7 kN (3,300 lbf) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 550 km/h (297 knots, 342 mph) at 7,000 m (23,000 ft) (max cruise)
- Range: 1,800 km (971 nmi, 1,118 mi)
- Service ceiling: 8,000 m[32] (26,240 ft)
- Rate of climb: 8.0 m/s (1,575 ft/min)
See also
Comparable aircraft
- Related development
References
- ^ Stroud 1968, p. 269270.
- ^ Gunston and Gordon 1997, p. 185.
- ^ Gunston and Gordon 1997, pp. 185186.
- ^ Stroud 1968, p. 270272.
- ^ a b c d Gordon Komissarov and Komissarov 2005, p. 303
- ^ Gunston and Gordon 1997, p. 187.
- ^ a b c d Taylor 1976, pp. 448449.
- ^ Stroud 1968, pp. 272273.
- ^ a b Gunston and Gordon 1997, pp. 186187.
- ^ a b Gunston and Gordon 1997, p. 189.
- ^ UN-87488
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 CCCP-87778 Bratsk Airport (BTK)". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 CCCP-87602 Semipalatinsk Airport (PLX)". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 CCCP-87475 Batumi-Chorokh Airport (BUS)". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 CCCP-87323 Krasnovodsk Airport (KRW)". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 CCCP-87772 Anapa (Black Sea)". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 CCCP-87437 Sverdlovsk-Koltsovo (SVX)". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40K DT-TYC Matala". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 CCCP87689 Dushanbe". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 CCCP-87455 Zheleznogorsk-Ilimskiy". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 CCCP-87618 Tashkent-Yuzhny". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 CCCP-87549 Nizhnevartovsk Airport (NJC)". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 CCCP-87433 Stepanakert". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 VN-A449 Son Trung". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 87995 Khorog". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "Peru Tragedia Aérea". El Tiempo.com. 1994-02-27. Text "http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-57573" ignored (help);
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev OB-1559 Tingo Maria". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 RA-87468 Vanavara". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 UN-87233 Semipalatinsk Airport (PLX)". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 EP-TQP Sari". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident Yakovlev 40 UK-87985 Tashkent Airport (TAS)". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ Gunston 1995, p. 492.
Bibliography
- Gordon, Yefim, Dmitry Komissarov and Sergey Komissarov. OKB Yakovlev: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft. Hinkley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-85780-203-9.
- Gunston, Bill. The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 18751995. London:Osprey, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-405-9.
- Gunston, Bill and Yefim Gordon. Yakovlev Aircraft since 1924. London, UK: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1997. ISBN 1-55750-978-6.
- Stroud, John. Soviet Transport Aircraft since 1945. London:Putnam, 1968. ISBN 0-370-00126-5.
- Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 197677. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1976. ISBN 0-354-00538-3.
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Yakovlev Yak-40 |
- List of all Yak-40 aircraft used by Polish Air Force
- Watch a video of the plane in action
- Walkaround Yak-40 (Kiev's Aviation Museum, Ukraine)
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